1. Draw a diagram of the Circle of Willis and indicate where berry aneurysms 
    commonly occur.

2. What are the current therapeutic strategies in HIV? 

3. Write short notes on a) mean corpuscular volume b) haematocrit c) serum B 12.

4. Describe with the aid of diagrams the pupillary light reflex. 

5. Describe the embryological development of the lens. 

6. With the aid of a diagram describe the structure of the choroid.

7. How is the outflow of aqueous from the eye regulated? 

8. Describe the components of an electroretinogram and relate these to their cellular 
    origin. 

9. Write short notes on:

a) the polymerase chain reaction 
b) immunohistochemistry 
c) in situ hybridization. 

11. How do steroids suppress ocular inflammation? 

12. What is an auto-antibody? What auto-antibodies are implicated in ocular disease'?
 

April, 2004

1. Write short notes on the effects of hypertension on the blood vessels of the retina.

2. List the most common adverse reactions to antibiotics. 

3. What is demyelination? How does it affect optic nerve function? 

4. With the aid of a diagram describe the autonomic control of tear production from 
     the lacrimal gland.

5. Describe the embryological development of the vitreous. 

6. Give an account of anatomy of the macula and relate this to function.

7. Describe the process of photoreceptor renewal and the physiological relationship 
    between photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. 

8. Write short note on the regulation of the water content of the cornea.

9. Describe the biochemical structure of DNA and the mechanism of transcription. 

10. Describe with the aid of a diagram the molecular and cellular events in 
      angiogenesis.

11. Write short notes on the mechanisms of action of three intraocular pressure 
       lowering agents.

12. Write short notes on:

a) specificity 
b) sensitivity 
c) positive predictive value 
d) negative predictive value
 

1) With the aid of a digram describe the structure and anatomical relationships
     of the tarsal plates and orbital septum.

2)Describe the anatomy and relations of the lateral geniculate body.

3) Describe the cellular events during healing of the corneal epithelium.

4) Write short notes on structures derived from neuroepithelium.

5) Compare and contrast cross sectional, prospective, retrospective and
    experimental studies.

6) Describe the layers of Bruch's membrane and their major extracellular
    components.

7) Write short notes on second messenger systems.

8) What is meant by direct and indirect allograft rejection? Is HLA typing
     important in corneal graft rejection?

9) Write short notes on the herpes group of viruses including their effects on
     the eye.

10) Describe the process with which neutrophils migrate to the sites of acute
      inflammation.

11) Decribe the neural control of aqueous secretion and how glaucoma medication
      regulates the receptors.

12) Write short notes on 
                         a) muscle spidles
                         b) slow and fast twitch muscle fibres
                         c) golgi tendon organs

 

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