Orbital cases
The most common orbital case and indeed in the fellowship examination is thyroid eye disease. Learn to use Hertel's exophthalmometer well without making it look threatening to the patient ie. make sure the edges of the meter are wide apart as you rest them on the orbital rims. Also remember to check if the proptosis is axial or non-axial. Non-axial proptosis may imply space occupying lesion outside the muscle cone.Apart from measuring the amount of proptosis, do not forget to test the ocular motility and the optic nerve function.
 
          Most common case by miles
           
        • thyroid eye disease
          Uncommon cases
           
        • carotico-cavernous fistula
        • cavernous haemangioma
        • Courzon's disease
        • post-enucleation syndrome
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